In this article, we explore the concept of criminal psychology and will explicate some of its major tenets in characterization of Hercule Poirot. Using an interdisciplinary approach, by close reading and drawing from CRIME and psychological theories (especially Behaviorism), we investigate the criminal profiling techniques in Agatha Christie’ s detective NOVELS. Particularly, we adduce Ian Marsh’ s theory in introducing a set of explanations for criminal behavior and Westera et al. ’ s propositions in identifying features that make a detective’ s endeavors effective. We focus on the psychological procedures that exist in the process of mystery (making and solution), as well as on the detective’ s task to decodify riddles in light of the internal and external forces acting on him and how these affect his final decision. Then, we expand the notion of profiling as conducted by a detective and will illustrate some of the recurring biases that influence the final verdict about a case. Finally, we depict how the abovementioned proceedings are implemented in Murder on the Orient Express (1934), The A. B. C Murders (1936), and Hickory Dickory Dock (1955), three of Christie’ s best-selling NOVELS with Hercule Poirot as their leading character. The character of Poirot, with his immaculate criminal profiling, bears witness to how Christie drew from and, at the same time, contributed to the concept and practice of criminal psychology in fiction.

During the past two decades, the detective genre has experienced an unprecedented boom in Latin America. Many of the writers writing in this regard have highlighted the role of women in detective frames. This paper examines a series of detective NOVELS to examine broadly the evolution of the female figure in contemporary detective NOVELS of Argentina, Chile and Mexico. Here, we show how the woman detective starts imitating and parodying the figure of male detective, but, over time, come to develop her own style of being and feeling, reaching a defined personality that allows us to report, in some cases, the difficult social reality that surrounds her.

Popular NOVELS which are available through the Internet are one of the symptoms of producing content on the cyber space that shows shifting pattern of usage of internet in Iran from one-way usage of the contents of websites and social networks toward producing various contents. What has done in this study is reviewing the popular NOVELS of the most visited sites of this kind like "98ia" website. The main question of research is about representation of the sexual identity of young people in these popular NOVELS. 24 NOVELS from the most popular ones in this website have been selected using intentional sampling, and have subjected to qualitative content analysis. The results of the study showed that what those young writers have published in these NOVELS, more or less showing the little commitment of young people toward limits and frameworks of traditional society in expressing gender identity in appearance, values, sexual views, and cross-gender behaviors. This little commitment, by a little difference among low and upper classes of the society, is recognizable. Young people of the new generation in the reviewed NOVELS, are the ones with views, model of expressing identities, and cross-gender behaviors which in fact challenge the values of their previous generation. However, the content of popular NOVELS of "98ia" show a dominant image of lifestyle among the upper classes of the society.

Literature, particularly the novel, offers a suitable platform for reflecting on and critiquing social and cultural issues. In Afghanistan, violence against women stems not only from political crises and wars but also from patriarchal structures, cultural and economic poverty, and weak support systems. This violence is systematically and institutionally reproduced across various dimensions of women's daily lives and within different layers of society. Afghan women writers in the 1390s (Solar Hijri) utilized the narrative capacities of the novel to expose various forms of structural violence against women, thereby shaping a critical discourse surrounding power inequalities between women and men. This study aims to investigate and analyze the representation of six types of structural violence—psychological, physical, economic, social, sexual, and legal—in two contemporary women's NOVELS: The Brightness of Ashes by Zahra Yeganeh and Let Me Write for You by Nahid Mehrgan. The theoretical framework of this article is Kate Millett's "Sexual Politics" theory, which, through a structural analysis of gender relations, considers violence an instrument for perpetuating male dominance. The present research employs a qualitative content analysis method with a purposeful sampling method. Findings suggest that psychological violence is the most prevalent form of violence in both NOVELS, and the representation of violence occurs through structures such as tradition, family, religion, and law. These representations have led to the creation of characters who react to dominance, some through resistance and others through acceptance. Contemporary women's literature not only exposes gender inequalities but also, by raising awareness, paves the way for social transformation.

The present study aimed to investigate the discursive antagonism in war NOVELS. To this end, first antagonistic discourses were identified, and then the antagonistic atmosphere and otherness between the discourses represented in the war NOVELS were analyzed: otherness in such NOVELS focuses in part on the foreign enemy (Iraq). In this process, the Iraqi enemy is othered as a disbeliever in an ideological reading based on the discourse of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Moreover, there is a tendency towards focusing on the enemy’s arms, hence neglecting the agency of its human forces. On the other hand, the liberal and ethnic nationalist discourses are othered as the domestic antagonistic discourses. The liberal discourse strives to deconstruct the idea of public mobilization by using the specialization slogan and defeat the hegemonic dominant discourse by weakening public mobilization. By juxtaposing ethnic values against national interests, the ethnic nationalist discourse strives to substitute ethnic values for national identity markers or give priority to the former. Finally, the Islamic revolutionary discourse becomes hegemonic, succeeding to marginalize the antagonistic discourses, or suppressing the other discourses by its hegemonic interference at times.

Persian historical novel, though originated under the influence of its European counterparts in the chaotic circumstances of the constitutional government, it found its own structural, thematic and stylistic identity within several decades of its development, while it stayed relatively loyal to the traditional narrative conventions. The Persian historical novel is, in fact, a bridge connecting the literary traditions and modernity.

During the 60s (solar calendar) sixty-six NOVELS were published in Iran for the first time. From this collection, the themes of sixteen works were directly influenced by the revolution and the war. In all these works the social, political, cultural, and economic situation, the conditions of the intellectuals, the merits of the revolution and the war and the disadvantages of the two are described. Nineteen writers have taken the opportunity to write about topics which were difficult to deal with before the revolution, such as the risks of freedom seeking, social class debates, economic upheavals, ignorance, poverty, injustice, murder, imprisonment, the harassment of freedom seekers, etc. We regard these NOVELS as those influenced by the revolution. The remaining thirty one NOVELS have not been influenced by the revolution or by the revolutionary atmosphere of the time. In other words, they deal with topics which can be dealt with in most governments. Such NOVELS mostly include social and emotional themes. In this article, the titles of the NOVELS, their themes and the names of their authors are mentioned.

This article is based on a research about 21 of the best selling Iranian popular NOVELS, which were published in the last decade. Article can be conceptualized as a genre study. It uses Schatz model as its main theoretical framework. Schatz studying Hollywood cinema had identified two genres: genre of order and genre of integration. In order to define the conventions of such genre in literature, article also uses Radaway"s definitions of Romance.Article identifies 14 textual conventions. After defining each convention, all sampled NOVELS are searched, in order to estimate the occurrence of such convention, in each text. Article comes to conclude that most of the identified conventions accrue in most of the sampled NOVELS. This can also mean that housewives as the main reader of such NOVELS have become the opinion leaders of the literature market. Such finding can have special consequences for both cultural policy makers and publishers. Experienced, creative and educated authors by gaining a better understanding of the conventions of genre of integration can create works which might help to improve the aesthetics of today's popular NOVELS and by doing so the taste of its readers can also be improved.

One of the CRIMEs that has slowly taken on a global form is environmental CRIME, and international organizations are working to bring nations together to tackle CRIMEs against transnational environmentalism by formulating a global consensus and by enacting laws between them.-Internationals are trying to protect the environment. In the future, environmental resources will bring about war and violence between nations. Because environmental CRIME focuses on CRIMEs and damages to the environment and animals, it also includes sustainability and climate change. The concept of transnational CRIME therefore encompasses at least two different conceptual considerations. First, CRIME must involve the movement of people, objects, or decisions across borders. Second, the injury must be recognized internationally as a CRIME. This study utilized documentary and library method and data analysis was qualitative and based on researcher inference from sources and texts. The environment and the future of work are two of the biggest challenges facing the world today, and one cannot be tackled without the other. Because environmental degradation can act as a cause or an accelerating factor in violent conflict. This paper attempts to examine the dimensions of environmental CRIME that limit the outcome of the conflict to address its specific causes.

Descriptive Translation Studies has opened bright perspectives to translation studies researchers. Translation norm is one of the fundamental notions in DTS. Despite the norm-based essence of the translation action, few studies have ever been conducted to investigate the norms governing the translation of English NOVELS into Persian. This research aims at investigating the impact of modern English NOVELS translation on the sentence-length stylistic norm in Persian NOVELS. In this regard, three classic Persian NOVELS, three modern Persian NOVELS and three English NOVELS were investigated. Based on the obtained results, the translators’ inclination to sentence-level translation and the higher sentence length average of English NOVELS has led to the transference of long sentences into TTs. In spite of that, the translation of English NOVELS has not considerably influenced the sentence-length stylistic norm in Persian NOVELS. In other words, sentence-length stylistic norm in Persian translations is, to a large extent, different from sentence-length stylistic norm in contemporary Persian NOVELS. Based on the obtained results, the translators’ personal styles and English NOVELS sentence-length are the main factors contributing to the sentence-length stylistic norm in Persian translations. As a concluding remark, description of translation norms governing the translators’ action requires the investigation of the translator’s habitus, translation mechanisms and target culture’s needs.